The number of tuberculosis (TB) cases in England rose sharply in 2024, increasing by 13.6% compared to the previous year, according to new data released by the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA).
There were 5,490 TB notifications recorded in 2024, up from 4,831 in 2023. Despite the rise, the overall risk to the general population remains low, with TB both preventable and curable. The agency reported that 84.4% of patients completed treatment within 12 months.
England’s TB rate now stands at 9.4 cases per 100,000 people, still below the century peak of 15.6 per 100,000 in 2011.
Global Trends and Local Patterns
UKHSA noted that England’s increase reflects a global resurgence of TB, with similar rises seen in other countries over recent years. In 2024, 82% of TB cases were among people born outside the UK, though rates have also risen among UK-born individuals.
The infection remains closely linked to social deprivation and is more common in large urban centres. London continues to report the highest regional rate at 20.6 per 100,000, followed by the West Midlands at 11.5 per 100,000.
Among UK-born individuals, TB is most prevalent among those affected by homelessness, substance abuse, or previous contact with the criminal justice system.
Rising Concern Over Drug-Resistant TB
While overall case numbers are still relatively low, the UKHSA reported a concerning increase in drug-resistant TB, now at its highest level since enhanced monitoring began in 2012. Around 2.2% of laboratory-confirmed cases were resistant to multiple drugs, requiring longer and more complex treatment and adding pressure to NHS resources.
Health Officials Urge Early Detection
Dr. Esther Robinson, Head of the TB Unit at UKHSA, emphasized the urgency of identifying and treating cases quickly to curb transmission.
“TB is preventable and curable, but with rates increasing, it remains a serious public health issue. We must act fast to break transmission chains through rapid identification and treatment,” she said.
Dr. Robinson also warned that a persistent cough lasting longer than three weeks — especially one producing mucus — should not be ignored. “Not every cough with fever is flu or COVID-19,” she noted, urging anyone at risk to contact their GP, particularly those who have recently arrived from countries where TB is more common.
Government Action and Next Steps
The government reaffirmed its commitment to improving TB prevention, detection, and control in England. It pledged to prioritize targeted interventions, address health inequalities, and strengthen support for vulnerable groups.
The UKHSA also released evidence from experts and stakeholders to guide the upcoming TB National Action Plan (2026–2031), which will shape England’s strategy to reduce infections over the next decade.
